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The Nabataean Religion was the religion of Nabataea, an ancient Arab nation which was well settled by the third century BCE and lasted until the Roman annexation in 106 CE.〔Patrich, Joseph. The Formation of Nabataean Art: Prohibition of a Graven Image Among the Nabateans. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1990. Print.〕 Their religious practices have garnered attention through the movie Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade which show-cased Al-Khazneh, a Nabataean tomb. The Nabateans were polytheistic and worshipped a wide variety of local gods as well as Baalshamin, Isis, and Greco-Roman gods such as Tyche and Dionysus.〔 They worshipped their gods at temples, high places, and betyls. They were mostly aniconic and preferred to decorate their sacred places with geometric designs. Much knowledge of the Nabataeans’ grave goods has been lost due to extensive looting throughout history. They made sacrifices to their gods, preformed other rituals and believed in an afterlife. ==Gods and goddesses== Dushara A Nabataean deity whose name means, "Lord of the Mountain", he was widely worshiped in Petra. Dushara is venerated as a supreme god by the Nabataeans, often times he is referred as "Dushara and all the gods". 〔Healey, John F. The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus. Leiden: EJ. Brill, 2001.〕 He is considered the god of the Nabataean royal house. The fall of the Nabatean royal house to the Romans, caused the religion to be cast aside and it's main deity lost. It was then that Dushara was associated with other gods, like Dionysus, Zeus, and Helios. Allat Allat is referred to as "the great goddess who is in Iram". She is widely known in Northern Arabia and Syria, the deity is associated with the goddess Athena in the Hawran. Allat is venerated in Palmyra, her temple had no sign of performing blood rituals. It is believed that Allat and Al-Uzza were once a single deity, which parted ways in the pre-Islamic Meccan tradition. 〔The deity is believed to be one of the daughters of the high god Allah in Nabataean religion. Al-'Uzza In Arabic her name is believed to mean "the mightiest one" She is venerated in the city of Petra. Her cult is mainly focused on the Quraysh and the Hurad valley north of Mecca. The goddess is connected with a type of betyl with star-like eyes. She is also referred to as one of the daughters of the high god Allah in Nabataean religion. Al-'Uzza is associated with the Greco-Roman goddess Aphrodite. 〔 Al-Kutba One of the lesser known deities of the Nabataeans. The deity is said to have a temple in Gaia and was also venerated in Iram. There is confusion when it comes to deciding whether this deity is masculine or femenine. In Gaia, the deity is believed to be female and is therefore called Al-Kutba. There are instances when the deity is believed to be masculine, for example in Qusrawet in Egypt, and the deity is called Kutba. The majority of the evidence leads to believe that this deity is female, for there are betyls of Al-Kutba that are similar in design to those of Al-'Uzza. 〔 Baalshamin A Syrian deity who becomes a Nabataean god with the expansion of Nabataea into Southern Syria.〔 His named means "Lord of Heaven", associating the deity with the skies. He is said to originate from the storm god Hadad, who was worshiped in Syria and Mesopotamia. As a deity that deals with the heavens, he is identified by many as a version of Zeus. There is a temple dedicated to Baalshamin at Si, which seems to have been the center of a pilgrimage. 〔 Qos An ancient Edomite Deity, which was worshiped at Tannur. There's an association with the god Apollo and with lightning. 〔 Hubal A deity worshiped in the Ka'bah at Mecca. It is said followers would go to the deity seeking answers to questions of lineage, marriage, and death. A sacrifice would take place to honor the god, there would be seven arrows of deviation, these would be thrown and the answer would be one of the carved words on the side of the arrows.〔 Manotu This deity is mentioned on the tomb inscriptions at Hegra. Her name is mentioned alongside Dushara, and is used as a warning to their curse. She is believed to be the same as the goddess Manāt, who is one of the Allah daughters. 〔 Isis Foreign deity to the Nabataeans, she is originally and Egyptian goddess. She is represented by a throne at times. The goddess is seen in Petra's Khazneh, as well as the Temple of the Winged Lions.〔 Atargatis She is a foreign deity to the Nabataeans, her cult center at Hierapolis and is venerated in Khirbet et-Tannur; she is referred to as the grain goddess and other times as the fish goddess.〔 Alpass, Peter. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World, Leiden, NLD:Brill, 2013〕 She is seen seated between two lions at times. Atargatis is also connected to the betyl with star-like eyes. 〔 Shay'-al-Qawn Is believed to be the protector of caravans and soldiers, people that would travel. It is said that his followers disapproved of wine. 〔 Obodat Is believe to be a deified king of the Nabataeans, it is not clear whether this would be Obodas I, II, or III. His association with the royal family leads to believe that he had a private cult. 〔 Tyche- Nabataean goddess, often accompanied by the zodiac signs found in Khirbet-et-Tannur. She is often decipted with wings, the wallls of a city for a crown and holding horns of plenty. 〔Glueck, Nelson. The Zodiac of Khirbet et-Tannûr. Boston, MA : American Schools of Oriental Research,1952〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nabataean Religion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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